Meanwhile, after their defeat in armed rebellion, Africans sought power through educational and economic advancement. and To save content items to your account, Click here to navigate to parent product. The British always recognized that sooner or later they would be threatened by a class of educated Africans. system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of European officers. This meant that the African people were to assimilate or absorb the French culture. In Tanganyika, the government ruled through the agents called Akida and Jumbes. Large pieces of African land were taken by foreign companies who then exploited minerals and tree products and sold them at a profit to European countries. Tanganyika Under German Rule 1905-1912. Indirect Rule | Tanzania: A Political Economy | Oxford Academic (pp. The British, like the other colonial powers on the continent, believed that Africans would take a very long time to mature and be able to govern themselves. Henry Morton Stanley had found the name of "Tanganika", when he travelled to Ujiji in 1876. Tanganyika now forms part of the modern-day sovereign state of Tanzania. Sanderson, G. N. It had limited self-rule. Second, indirect rule was mediated rule . It led to a reappraisal of German policy in East Africa. h) Colonialism introduced a common currency which had not existed in the. Usage data cannot currently be displayed. an "indirect" style of rule features a more decentralized framework in. The UK held Tanganyika as a League of Nations mandate until the end of World War II after which it was held as a United Nations trust territory. This meant that they appointed officers for their countries to rule on behalf of the home country. c) Colonial governments introduced modern methods of communication. In 1920, Britain was given responsibility for Tanganyika under a mandate from the League of Nations. The continuing demand for primary produce strengthened the countrys financial position. They wanted to protect their citizens operating on the continent as explorers, missionaries, and traders. A Governor One of the features of Indirect Rule was the position of a Governor. INDIRECT RULE xiixiii). Their main duty and responsibility was mainly to collect taxes. This data will be updated every 24 hours. In 1927, Tanganyika entered the Customs Union of the East Africa Protectorate and the Uganda Protectorate, which eventually became the independent countries of Kenya and Uganda, and the East African Postal Union, later the East African Posts and Telecommunications Administration. But he also wrote (pp. Tanganyika gained independence on Dec. 9, 1961, and became a republic one year later. Under the Treaty of Versailles (signed June 1919; enacted January 1920), Britain received a League of Nations mandate to administer the territory except for Ruanda-Urundi, which came under Belgian administration, and the Kionga triangle, which went to Portugal (see Quionga). j) It brought manufactured goods some of which could not be produced locally. There were, in large areas of the country, many small chiefdoms which, at times, in the past had paid tribute to overlords such as Mirambo or Mkwawa, but also claimed an independence of their own, and had broken free during the German conquest and rinderpest outbreaks of the 1890s. This is a temptation for the economically weak: a not dissimilar criticism has been made of President Nyerere after 1967 (e.g. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Then, the deputy undersecretary to the Colonial Secretary proposed "Tanganyika Protectorate" after Lake Tanganyika; the name was modified after a "junior official suggested that 'Territory' was more in accordance with the [League of Nations mandate]" and that was adopted. It was applied in Namibia, Tanganyika, Togo etc. In 1961, Tanganyika gained its independence from the UK as Tanganyika. viiiix). By engaging in such work he will no longer deprive the countryside of the mediation which he might provide between the old dispensation and the new (pp. What is the difference between indirect rule and assimilation? As it turned out later, this equality was only in theory but not in practice. and This created the shortage of critical personnel in the colonies. The British advance into German territory continued steadily from 1916 until the whole country was eventually occupied. This was known as the Anglo-German Agreement of 1890. In the hinterland they used indirect rule, They divided Tanganyika into Provinces and 22 districts. The imperial government had attempted to protect African land rights in 1895 but had failed in its objective in the Kilimanjaro area. These views encouraged Europeans to exploit the African continent and people. They were allowed to hold their own courts, and to keep part of the tax revenue they collected for use in development projects. For example, it was used by Germans in Tanganyika where they either employed their pure Europeans or imported other mixed cultures of Jumbes and Akidas in Tanganyika. The search by British administrators for the legitimate chief was often fruitless; or if such a person was found, he might be uneducated and opposed to much of what they were trying to implement; in such cases the British found ways of amalgamating the chieftainships, or they simply deposed the legitimate rulers and replaced them with nominees of their own, preferably young, educated, and easy to influence. The destabilizing conflicts that bordered Tanganyika meant that refugees from the Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda often flooded into Tanganyika. After the First World War in 1918 significant changes were made. The Portuguese gained control of the coastline in the late 15th century, but they were driven out by the Arabs of Oman and Zanzibar in the late 18th century. German rule in Tanganyika always had a strong military flavor, and was based on the permanent presence of German-led African forces. Corrections? King Leopold II invited private companies to start development projects in the empire. Britain and Germany then agreed to divide the mainland into spheres of influence, and the Sultan was forced to acquiesce. It was left to Germany, with its newly awakened interest in colonial expansion, to open up the country to European influences. UTP was less effective due to the 4,000 annual salary for Willis which limited the partys effectiveness, as they lacked funds to campaign effectively. British officials like Cameron, Mitchell, and Bagshawe devoted inordinate efforts to translating the theory of indirect rule into practice. Many of them were employed from the Indian administration to work for the Tanganyikan administration. This led to the development of African liberation movements whose aim was to fight for independence. The main leader of the independence movement was undoubtedly Nyerere, who led the party TANU, which was a socially diverse group which had shared demands for independence from Britain. He was responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies in the colony. PDF General Daumas, speaking to the Legislative Corps in Algeria, 1861 Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia? The most important of which was the Central Line or Mittellandbahn, which connected much of the country towards the port city of Dar es Salam. They were allowed to vote and to elect one Deputy (similar to a Member of Parliament) to the National Assembly in Paris. HISTORY: FORM THREE: Topic 2 - MSOMI BORA 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved f) New breeds of animals and crops that could do well under the African climate were introduced. The Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association, the first African co-operative, was established before Cameron arrivedand was made possible by Charles Dundas, the first of two Secretaries for Native Affairs who served under Cameron (the second was Philip Mitchell, later Governor of Uganda and Kenya) (Dundas 1955: 1238). During their rule, Africans were mistreated by settlers who had taken control over them. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
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