, It is possible that phonetic studies of other South-West Bantu click languages will reveal additional click accompaniments. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. Figure 3.34 The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. London: Gregg International. 2016). Phonetic timing patterns and tone and stress interactions in Bantu languages provide a wealth of patterns to test phonological theories. A voiced pharyngeal fricative // is found in Nyokon A45 (Lovestrand 2011). ), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 129138. (1993) The Effects of Implosives on Pitch in SiSwati. Languages without tone do occur, e.g., Swahili G42, Mwiini G412, Nyakyusa M31, as do ones with more than two level tones, e.g., Kamba E55 and Oku (Grassfields Bantu) (Downing 2010, Hyman 2014). ), Namibian Languages. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies It is noteworthy that none of the Bantu languages of East Africa appear to have acquired clicks from the surviving or former languages of this area with clicks (Maddieson et al. (2014) Evaluating Vowel Normalisation Procedures: A Case Study on Southern Sotho Vowels. 19(1): 119. Gick, B. Note that as many PB Leipzig: F.A. Their findings show that participants perform better in syllable awareness tasks than in segment awareness. ), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence, 168187. In Sukuma F21, the nasal portion of the voiceless nasals is often at least partly voiced or breathy voiced, as described in Maddieson (1991), whereas the parallel segments in Rwanda JD61 are fully voiced (except after voiceless fricatives), but produced with a modified kind of voicing described by Demolin and Delvaux (2001) as whispery-voice. ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. The most detailed study remains that of Traill et al. J. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute (IAI). Carleton, T. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. , Gunnink (1995) Issues in the Phonology and Orthography of Chopi (ciCopi S 61). (1987) Qhalaxarzi Consonants. Downing, L. J. In , (1993) Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Makuya Language Sciences Focus and emphasis are associated with pitch raising in Mwiini G412 (Kisseberth 2016), but this seems to be the exception rather than the rule in Bantu. Malcolm Guthrie in his classification of Bantu languages (1967-71) places this language in zone N in the unit N31. The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Faytak, M. & (2007) Guttural Vowels and Guttural Coarticulation. New Haven: Yale University, PhD dissertation. (2007) Unresolved Issues in the Representation and Phonetic Description of Click Articulation in Xhosa and Zulu. Diemer (eds. These, we argue, include complex lexicalizations consisting of a. L. & 32(1): 115. , or as an unaspirated alveolar click ([ruoma]), as in A plot of vowel distribution in Nyamwezi F22 is shown in Figure 3.22 That Zulu dental clicks are produced with a controlled fricated release is also clear from the way the front release initially involves formation of a narrow channel, clearly visible in frame 150. An interesting process of intensification of secondary articulations into obstruents occurs, inter alia, in Rwanda JD61 (Jouannet 1983) and Shona S10 (Doke 1931a). The Bantu Languages of Africa | Handbook of African Languages | M. A. Rous Ngonga-Ke-Mbembe 26(2): 235254. & Figure 3.5 Aspiration is a contrastive property of voiceless stops (and affricates) in some languages where it is often a reflex of an earlier voiceless prenasalised stop (cf. (2007) Tongue Body Constriction Differences in Click Types. (2011) Grounded Constraints and the Consonants of Setswana. (1990) A Linguistic Analysis of Venda. It is accompanied by a separate map in which the Bantu languages are numbered in accordance with the system described in the fourth section. K. (2014) How to Study a Tone Language, with Exemplification from Oku (Grassfields Bantu, Cameroon). Kodzasov, S. V. It has even been used for those which may simply block a raising or high-tone spreading process. K. W. An unusual VOT contrast between partially voiced plosives and fully voiced stops, possibly implosives, has been described in Bekwel A85b (Cheucle 2014: 287) and the Kanincin variety of Ruwund L53 (Demolin 2015: 495). 6d. Africana Linguistica Vove B305 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author on a recording made by Jean-Marie Hombert, made available by Lolke Van der Veen. K. C. (2008) Bantu Spirantization: Morphologization, Lexicalization and Historical Classification. T. J. Languages across the world have unique phonemic systems. 1999). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America A. Elmslie, W. A. J. C. (eds. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies The distribution seen in Xhosa S41 or Swahili G42 is similar to that most typically found cross-linguistically in five-vowel systems transcribed /i e a o u/, such as Spanish, Hadza or Hawaiian. (Available online at. Doke, C. M. Although lip positions have not been reported for Tshwa S51, the acoustic findings are similar to those in Tsonga S53 in that the whistling fricatives have narrower spectral peak bandwidths and lower spectral peak frequencies when compared to their non-whistled fricative counterparts (Shosted 2006). The most extensive body of work on the phonetics of tone in a single Bantu language concerns Chewa N31b (Carleton 1996, Myers 1996, Myers & Carleton 1996, Myers 1999a, b). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. In In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). Thomas-Vilakati, K. D. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library K. C. Sowetan Zulu S42, too, has a reduced number of click consonants, likely due to contact with Southern Sotho S33 (Gunnink 2014). Based on shared characteristics and on territorial contiguity, Guthrie grouped the Bantu languages into 15 geographical (and partly genetical) zones. A small quantity of air is entrapped inside the sealed oral cavity. Canberra: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association. Downing, L. J. (2013) Dissimilation by Surface Correspondence in Aghem Velarized Diphthongs. These frames also illustrate the retraction of the tongue tip which occurs just before release of this click type. Except in post-nasal environments and sometimes before his reconstructed super-high vowels, the reconstructed voiced plosives most commonly correspond to voiced continuants of one type or another or to implosives in the modern languages. 2015). Elderkin & B. A. Sells I. Source: Recording and images made available by Michael Proctor. Meynadier However, as was observed long ago by Doke (1931b, 1931a), the phonetic patterns vary quite considerably across the different varieties of Shona S10.
Baked Alligator Recipes,
Convert Cranking Psi To Compression Ratio,
List Of Murders In New Zealand 2021,
Denis Walter House,
Marsha P Johnson Speech Transcript,
Articles C
